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Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory
Retrieval: The process of accessing stored information.
Retrieval Cues: Stimuli that help us remember. Example: Smelling a familiar perfume might trigger a childhood memory.
Web of Associations: Memories are connected to each other through a network of associations. These connections can help trigger memories.
Two Types of Retrieval:
Recognition: Identifying previously learned information. Example: Multiple-choice questions.
Recall: Retrieving information from memory without any cues. Example: Essay questions.
Relearning: Learning something a second time is usually faster than the first time, indicating some memory remained.
Priming: Unconsciously activating associations in memory, which can influence subsequent thoughts and behaviors.
Retrieval Success
Context-Dependent Memory: We remember information better when we're in the same environment or context where we learned it.
State-Dependent Memory: Easier to remember something when you're in the same emotional or physiological state as when you learned it.
Déjà Vu: The feeling of having experienced something before, possibly due to cues triggering retrieval of a similar past experience.
Mood-Congruent Memory: We tend to recall experiences that match our current mood.
Retrieval Challenges
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon: The temporary inability to recall a word, even though you know it's in your memory.
Additional Concepts
Metacognition: Thinking about your own thinking.
Consolidation: The process of stabilizing a memory trace after learning.
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