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Initial Spread:
Supplanting the Cottage Industry: The British cottage industry for cotton production, where merchants provided raw cotton to be spun into cloth in workers' homes, was replaced by factory-based industrialization.
Global Commodity: Cotton became a valuable global commodity as industrialized Britain outproduced Indian and Middle Eastern goods.
Expansion to Europe and Beyond:
Following Britain: After Britain, Belgium, France, and Germany industrialized, followed by Russia and Japan.
Shared Characteristics: These countries had capital, natural resources, and water transportation, aiding their industrialization.
Spread of Industrialization
France and Germany:
France: Industrialization was delayed due to sparsely populated urban centers and the French Revolution (1789-1799) consuming attention and capital.
Germany: Political fragmentation delayed industrialization, but post-unification in 1871, Germany quickly became a leading producer of steel and coal.
The United States:
19th Century Industrialization: The U.S. began its industrial revolution in the 19th century and became a leading industrial force by 1900.
Human Capital: Political upheaval and poverty in Europe and East Asia led to significant immigration to the U.S., providing a large labor force for factories.
Russia:
Railroads and Exports: Focused on railroads and exports, with the Trans-Siberian Railroad connecting Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, facilitating trade with East Asia.
Industrial Development: By 1900, Russia was the fourth largest producer of steel, but its economy remained largely agricultural until after the 1917 Communist revolution.
Japan:
Defensive Modernization: Japan industrialized in the mid-19th century, adopting Western technology and institutions to protect its traditional culture.
Emergence as a World Power: By the late 19th century, Japan had become a leading world power through industrial and military modernization.
Shifts in Manufacturing
Middle Eastern and Asian Decline:
Global Share Decline: Although these regions continued to produce manufactured goods, their share in global manufacturing declined due to industrialization elsewhere.
Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia:
Resurgence and Decline: Indian shipbuilding saw a resurgence in the late 17th century but declined under British colonial rule due to mismanagement and resource restrictions.
British Control: By 1863, the British Royal Navy took control of the Indian Ocean, further impacting local shipbuilding.
Iron Works in India:
Colonial Impact: British colonial rule and steep tariffs during the company rule period (1757-1858) led to the decline of India’s mining and metalworking industries.
Post-Rebellion Restrictions: Following the 1857 Rebellion, the Arms Act of 1878 further restricted access to minerals and the production of firearms.
Textile Production in India and Egypt:
India: British-imposed taxes on Indian textiles undermined local profitability, favoring British mills in Lancaster.
Egypt: The growth of European textile production in the 19th century reduced Egypt's export and domestic markets for textiles.
Colonial Treatment:
Britain's Colonies: Similar to its approach in South Asia, Britain imposed economic and industrial restrictions on its colonies in the Americas, shaping their economic trajectories.
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