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Stereotype
Definition: Specific belief or assumption (thoughts) about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics.
Stereotypes can be the cause and/or result of biased perceptions and experiences and are frequently the basis of prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviors.
Stereotype Threat:
Key Idea: The fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group can negatively impact performance.
Example: Women performing worse on a math test when reminded of the stereotype that women are bad at math.
Attitudes and Actions
Attitude: A belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Components of Attitudes:
Cognitive: Beliefs or thoughts about something.
Affective: Feelings or emotions toward something.
Behavioral: The way we act toward something.
Attitudes Influence Actions: Our attitudes can predict our behavior, but not always perfectly.
Implicit attitudes are those that individuals hold but may be unaware of or may not acknowledge. Research has focused on how implicit attitudes reflect negative evaluations of others, as demonstrated by the just-world phenomenon,out-group homogeneity bias,ingroup bias, or ethnocentrism.
Just-World Phenomenon: The belief that the world is fair, and people get what they deserve. This can lead to blaming victims of misfortune.
Ethnocentrism: Measuring or judging one's own culture against another culture and can lead to judging someone else's culture negatively.
Prejudice
Prejudice: A negative attitude or prejudgment toward a group and its members.
Social Identity Theory:
Ingroup: The group to which we belong and identify with ("us").
Outgroup: Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup ("them").
Example: Students at your school might be your ingroup, while students from a rival school would be the outgroup.
Ingroup Bias: The tendency to favor your own group and view members of the outgroup negatively.
Outgroup Bias: Tendency to have negative views about people that are not part of one's own group.
Jane Elliott's Blue Eye/Brown Eye Experiment:
A powerful demonstration of ingroup bias and discrimination.
Brief Description: Elliott divided her third-grade class based on eye color and created a situation where one group was favored over the other. This led to the "superior" group acting arrogantly and the "inferior" group experiencing discrimination and lower self-esteem.
Scapegoat Theory: Prejudice provides an outlet for anger by blaming another group for problems.
Example: Blaming immigrants for economic problems.
Belief Perseverance
Definition: Clinging to beliefs even when faced with evidence that contradicts them.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
We feel uncomfortable when our actions and attitudes don't match up.
To reduce this discomfort, we often change our attitudes to align with our behavior.
Example: You believe smoking is bad, but you smoke. To reduce the discomfort, you might convince yourself that smoking isn't that bad.
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